Metaphysical Elements in John Donne's Poetry
جون ڈن کی شاعری میں مابعد الطبیعاتی عناصر
Keywords:
Metaphysical, Renaissance, Medieval age, John Donne, A Hymn to God, Pessimism, Civil War, UncertaintyAbstract
During the era of John Donne, despair and pessimism were prevalent, primarily due to political upheavals and uncertainty. The duality of pessimism and optimism reflected the era's struggle, with people feeling insecure yet gaining control over their environment amidst insecurity. The church-state conflicts also contributed to societal confusion, questioning the supremacy between the two, leading to public dissent and eventually civil war. The rise of the middle class, political parties, and Puritan tensions culminated in a long civil war, resulting in significant political changes, including the execution of Charles I and the establishment of Oliver Cromwell's military government. The eventual return of the Stuart monarchy under Charles II marked the period's conclusion. John Donne's unconventional approach in his poems rejected Petrarchan and Platonic ideals. His poetry, dramatic and rhetorical, reflected his deep, often cynical insights into love and human relationships. Donne's sermons and prose also highlighted his literary prowess, blending scientific references with religious themes. His work bridged the gap between the Renaissance and the Jacobean age, embodying a blend of intellectual rigor and cultural change.
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References
Mansukhani, G. S. (2012/2013). Love and Divine Poems. Lahore: Hassan Publishing Company, p. 150.
Gondal, S. (2013/14). Love and Divine. Lahore: Famous Products Company, p. 252.
Mansukhani, G. S. (2012/13). Love and Divine Poems. Lahore: Hassan Publishing Company, p. 6.
Malik, B. R. (1956). Studies in Poets. New Delhi: Unique Publishers, p. 21.
Mansukhani, G. S. (2012/2013). Love and Divine Poems. Lahore: Hassan Publishing Company, p. 56.
Ibid, p. 150.
Malik, B. R. (1956). Studies in Poets John Donne. New Delhi: Unique Publishers, p. 25.
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Mulik, B. R. (1958). Divine Poems. New Delhi: Unique Publishers, p. 220.
Gondal, S. (2013/14). Love and Divine. Lahore: Famous Products Company, p. 78.
Ibid, p. 69.
Ibid, p. 83
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